There is nothing in the art of Islamic calligraphy quite as illuminating as a hilya. It is a challenging and daunting undertaking due to the composition’s complex structure and layout.

The word ‘hilya’ has several meanings, including physiognomy, natural disposition, likeness, depiction, characterisation, and description. These dictionary definitions only begin to convey the real meaning of the hilye, which embodies moral, behavioural, and spiritual qualities, as well as physical appearance. Like most Arabic words, hilya carries multiple overtones, making it difficult to translate. It has connotations of ornament, beauty, finery, and embellishment.

It became widespread in Ottoman Turkey. There the calligraphers developed a particular style of writing it during the sixteenth century, which was perfected by Hafiz Osman, the master calligrapher of the late seventeenth century. These hilya, often imitated, are round, and beneath the circular frame that contains the description of the Prophet ﷺ, the line "Mercy for the Worlds" is written in large letters.

Perhaps the secret of the Prophet's ﷺ Hilya lays with the narration of the noble grandson of the Prophet ﷺ, Imam al-Hasan (Allah is pleased with him), who states: “I asked my uncle Hind, son of Abu Hala, about the description (hilya) of the Prophet of Allah so that I might hold fast to it”.

The translations of the Hilyas are as follows:

The Final Messenger, Prophet Muhammad ﷺ:

"When asked to describe the Prophet ﷺ, Sayyiduna Ali (Allah is pleased with him), the noble son-in-law of the Prophet ﷺ, would say:

“He ﷺ was neither too tall, nor too short, and he ﷺ was of medium build (amongst people). His ﷺ hair was neither too curly, nor too straight, rather it was somewhere in between. He ﷺ did not have a big body, and his ﷺ face was neither narrow, nor was it fully round, but there was some roundness to it.

His ﷺ complexion was white, with an element of redness. The pupils of his ﷺ eyes were extremely black. He ﷺ had long smooth eyelashes. His ﷺ bone structure was large, and he ﷺ had broad shoulders. He ﷺ had no body-hair, except for a thin line of hair from his ﷺ chest to his ﷺ navel. He ﷺ had large hands and feet.

When he ﷺ walked, he ﷺ walked at an incline, as if descending a slope. When he ﷺ addressed someone, he ﷺ would turn his ﷺ full body in their direction. Between his ﷺ shoulders was the seal of Prophethood; he ﷺ is the last of all the Prophets. He ﷺ is the most generous-hearted of men, the most truthful of them in speech, the most mild-tempered of them, and the noblest of them in lineage.

Whoever glanced upon him ﷺ would immediately be in awe of him ﷺ. Whoever came in close proximity to him ﷺ, would be smitten with the love of his ﷺ most excellent attributes. Anyone who would describe him ﷺ would say, ‘I never saw, neither before him, nor after him, the like of him’."

Our Master, Abu Bakr (Allah is pleased with him):

"The first companion to testify and the greatest of them undoubtedly; our master and liege-lord; Abu Bakr the truthful, had slight facial hair, was fair skinned and lean; his sarong would not hold tight to his waist. His face was slender and his eyes resonating. He had a raised forehead and his knuckles were hairless. He would apply henna and dye to his beard."

Our Master, Umar (Allah is pleased with him):

"The most just companion; the adornment of the pulpit and prayer-niche whose opinion accorded with the Divine revelation, the Qur’an; our master and liege lord; Abu Hafs, Umar ibn al-Khattab was light skinned with a ruddy tint and very tall. His hair was receding and grey. He was left-handed and extremely strong; neither fearful, nor weak. He would apply henna. His beard was thick and the tips of his moustache long. He walked quickly and when he spoke, it was heard; when he struck, it was felt."

Our Master, Uthman (Allah is pleased with him):

"The compiler of the Qur’an, perfected in humility and faith, our liege lord and master; Abu Amr, Uthman ibn Affan, was of moderate stature and extremely handsome with a delicate and light brown skin complexion. His beard was thick; his joints large and his shoulders broad. He capped his teeth with gold and had freckles."

Our Master, Ali (Allah is pleased with him):

"The preeminent lion of Allah, Imam of east and west, alleviator of difficulties and hardship, our liege lord and master; Abu al-Hasan, Ali ibn Abi Talib was brown skinned and was closer to being short than tall. His beard was thick, long, and dyed yellow. He had a beautiful face, a protruding midriff, and extremely black eyes."